Effect of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAH & Polar-PAC) availability on their ecotoxicity towards terrestrial organisms.

The exposure of terrestrial organisms to soils freshly contaminated by polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs, including PAHs and polar-PACs) is known to cause significant toxicity effects. However, historically contaminated soils, such as former coking plant soils, usually induce a limited toxic impact, due to the "aging" phenomenon which is the result of several processes causing a reduction of PAC availability over time. For a better understanding of these behaviors, this study aimed to compare the toxic responses of terrestrial organisms exposed to aged contaminated soils and their counterparts submitted to a moderate heating process applied to increase PAC availability. Two aged "raw" soils (limited PAC availability) were selected for their representativeness of former industrial soils in terms of PAC contamination. These soils were submitted either to moderate heating (expected PAC availability increase) or solvent-extraction (expected PAC removal). Physico-chemical parameters, contamination levels and availability were determined for these three soil modalities. Additionally, standardized limit bioassays on plants and earthworms were performed to assess soil ecotoxicity. The findings demonstrated that historically contaminated soils exposed to moderate heating induced the highest ecotoxic responses from terrestrial organisms. Heating increased PAC (bio)availability, without modifying any other soil physico-chemical properties. These results pointed out the importance of considering the contamination availability parameter in risk evaluation and also provide a possible tool for protective long-term risk assessment.

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor regulates epidermal differentiation through transient activation of TFAP2A.

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is an evolutionary conserved environmental sensor identified as indispensable regulator of epithelial homeostasis and barrier organ function. Molecular signaling cascade and target genes upon AHR activation and their contribution to cell and tissue function are however not fully understood. Multi-omics analyses using human skin keratinocytes revealed that, upon ligand activation, AHR binds open chromatin to induce expression of transcription factors (TFs), e.g., Transcription Factor AP-2α (TFAP2A), as a swift response to environmental stimuli. The terminal differentiation program including upregulation of barrier genes, filaggrin and keratins, was mediated by TFAP2A as a secondary response to AHR activation. The role of AHR-TFAP2A axis in controlling keratinocyte terminal differentiation for proper barrier formation was further confirmed using CRISPR/Cas9 in human epidermal equivalents. Overall, the study provides additional insights into the molecular mechanism behind AHR-mediated barrier function and identifies potential targets for the treatment of skin barrier diseases.

Nitrogen-functionalization of carbon materials for supercapacitor: Combining with nanostructure directly is superior to doping amorphous element.

Just how heteroatomic functionalization enhances electrochemical capacity of carbon materials is a recent and widely studied field in scientific research. However, there is no consensus on whether combining with heteroatom-bearing nanostructures directly or doping amorphous elements is more advantageous. Herein, two kinds of porous carbon nanosheets were prepared from coal tar pitch through anchoring graphitic carbon nitride (PCNs/GCNs-5) or doping amorphous nitrogen element (PCNs/N). The structural characteristics and electrochemical properties of the two PCNs were revealed and compared carefully. It can be found that the amorphous nitrogen of PCNs/N will have a grievous impact on its carbon skeleton network, resulting in reduced stability in charge and discharge process, while the structural collapse of carbon network could be avoided in PCNs/GCNs-5 by the heteroatoms in the form of nanostructure. Particularly, PCNs/GCNs-5 exhibits extremely high specific capacity of 388 F g-1 at 1 A g-1, and splendid the capacitance retention rate of 98% after 10,000 cycles of charge and discharge, which are overmatch than the amorphous nitrogen doped carbon materials reported recently and PCNs/N. The combining strategy with nanostructure will inspire the design of carbon materials towards high-performance supercapacitor.

Microstructure engineering in sulfuretted coal tar pitch by varying the Cross-Link state for enhanced sodium storage.

Sulfur (S) is an efficient dopant to enhance the sodium storage of carbon, yet the conventional in-situ/post treatments cause unstable S configuration or lower S content, and hence unsatisfied electrochemical performance. Herein, we investigate sulfurization at various cross-link state of coal tar pitch (CTP) (pristine, coke, and carbonized states), and the microstructure of the products (SCTP). Experimental and calculational results reveal that introducing S in the coke state of CTP is essential for achieving abundant and stable C-Sx-C bonds between carbon layers. Moreover, this innovative strategy not only achieves a high S content, but also avoids the liquid carbonization, resulting in a hierarchically porous structure with a small particle size. As a result, the SCTP delivers a sodium storage capacity of 318 mA h g-1 at 0.1 A g-1 after 200th cycle, and the capacity maintains 207 mA h g-1 with capacity retention of 99 % after 1000th cycle at 2.0 A g-1, in half-cells. Moreover, the sample shows a considerable discharge capacity of 328 mA h g-1anode at 0.05 A g-1 in full-cells. Consequently, this approach offers a novel pathway for large-scale production of thermoplastic-derived carbons in battery industry.

Pyrolytic Modification of Heavy Coal Tar by Multi-Polymer Blending: Preparation of Ordered Carbonaceous Mesophase.

In order to achieve the high-value utilization of heavy tar for the production of enhanced-performance graphite foam carbon, the carbon mesophase was ready from the heavy component of low-temperature coal tar, and the coal tar was modified by styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS), polyethylene (PE) and ethylene-vinyl-acetate (EVA) copolymers. The order degree of the carbonite mesophase was analyzed using a polarizing microscope test, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction to screen out the most suitable copolymer type and addition amount. Furthermore, the mechanism of modification by this copolymer was analyzed. The results showed that adding SBS, PE and EVA to coal tar would affect the order of carbonaceous mesophase; however, at an addition rate of 10.0 wt.%, the linear-structure SBS copolymer with a styrene/butadiene ratio (S/B) of 30/70 exhibited the optimal degree of ordering in the carbonaceous mesophase. Its foam carbon prepared by polymer modification is the only one that forms a graphitized structure, with d002 of 0.3430 nm, and the maximum values of Lc and La are 3.54 nm and 2.22 nm, respectively. This is because, under elevated pressure and high-temperature conditions, SBS underwent chain scission, releasing a more significant number of methyl and other free radicals that interacted with the coal tar constituents. As a result, it reduced the affinity density of heavy coal tar molecules, enhanced fluidity, promoted the stacking of condensed aromatic hydrocarbons and increased the content of soluble carbonaceous mesophase, ultimately leading to a more favorable alignment of the carbonaceous mesophase.

Oxygen-enriched pitch-derived hierarchically porous carbon toward boosted zinc-ion storage performance.

The lack of cathode materials with satisfactory Zn2+ storage capability substantially hinders the realization of high-performance aqueous zinc-ion hybrid capacitors (ZHCs). Herein, we propose a facile KMnO4 template-assisted KOH activation strategy to prepare a novel oxygen-enriched hierarchically porous carbon (HPC-1-4). This strategy efficiently converts coal tar pitch (CTP) into a well-tuned carbon material with a large specific surface area of 3019 m2 g-1 and a high oxygen content of 9.20 at%, which is conducive to providing rich active sites, rapid charge transport, and appreciable pseudocapacitance for Zn-ion storage. Thus, the as-fabricated HPC-1-4-based aqueous ZHC exhibits prominent performance, including a high gravimetric capacity (206.7 mAh g-1 at 0.25 A g-1), a remarkable energy density (153.4 Wh kg-1 at 184.2 W kg-1), and an impressive power output (15240 W kg-1 at 63.5 Wh kg-1). In-depth ex-situ characterizations indicate that the excellent electrochemical properties of ZHCs are due to the synergistic effect of the Zn2+ adsorption mechanism and reversible chemisorption. In addition, the assembled quasi-solid-state device demonstrates excellent electrochemical stability of up to 100% capacity retention over 50000 cycles, accompanied with a desirable energy density of 115.6 Wh kg-1. The facile preparation method of converting CTP into carbonaceous functional materials has advanced the development of efficient and eco-friendly energy storage technologies.

Gas Phase-Heat Absorption-Condensate Phase Stepwise Flame Retardant Strategy to Prepare Coal Tar Pitch-Based Porous Carbon for Supercapacitor.

Porous carbon is widely used in energy storage-conversion systems, and the question of how to explore an efficient strategy for preparation is very significant. Herein, the flame retardant capability of (NH4 )2 SO4 /Mg(OH)2 that contains gas phase-heat absorption-condensate phase components is assisted to carbonize coal tar pitch in air and obtain the porous carbon. The mechanism of stepwise inflaming retarding is systematically investigated. In the carbonization process in a muffle furnace, (NH4 )2 SO4 decomposes releasing gases at below 400 °C to act as the role of gas phase flame retardant. Mg(OH)2 starts to decompose at ≥ 400 °C, and it has the effect of heat absorption and condensed phase flame retardation (MgSO4 and MgO). What's more, the flame retardant also serves as an N, S source and template. The obtained porous carbon possesses an ultrahigh carbon yield of 56.9 wt.%, hierarchical pore structure, and multi-heteroatoms doping. It can still reach up to 244.7 F g-1 even loaded 20 mg of active material. In addition, the (NH4 )2 SO4 /agar gel electrolyte is synthesized, and the fabricated flexible ammonium ion capacitor exhibits a superior energy density of 40.8 Wh kg-1 . This work uncovers a new way to construct porous carbon, which is expected to synthesize more carbon materials using other carbon sources.

Noncorticosteroid Topical Therapies for the Treatment of Plaque Psoriasis: A Narrative Review.

Objective: The objective was to compare the safety and efficacy of noncorticosteroid topical treatments for plaque psoriasis. Data Sources: A literature search of the PubMed database was performed (January 1978 to May 2023) using the keywords plaque psoriasis, tapinarof, benvitimod, Vtama, roflumilast, Zoryve, pimecrolimus, tacrolimus, tazarotene, tacalcitol, calcitriol, Vectical, calcipotriene, Dovonex, tacalcitol, vitamin D analogs, salicylic acid, non-corticosteroid topical, Investigator's Global Assessment, and Physician's Global Assessment. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Relevant English-language articles and clinical trial data were considered. Data Synthesis: Six noncorticosteroid topical classes for the treatment of plaque psoriasis were selected. The percentage of patients with plaque psoriasis who achieved Investigator's Global Assessment (IGA) success after 8 weeks of treatment with tacalcitol, calcipotriene/betamethasone dipropionate compound, tazarotene/halobetasol propionate, and roflumilast was 17.9%, 39.9%, 40.7%, and 42.4%, respectively. For 12-week trials of tapinarof and coal tar, 37.4% and 58.2% of patients achieved IGA success, respectively. There were 48% and 71.4% reductions in IGA scores with salicylic acid (12 weeks) and pimecrolimus (4 weeks), respectively. Finally, 66.7% of patients achieved Physician's Global Assessment success with 8 weeks of tacrolimus. There were no serious adverse events for the noncorticosteroid topicals. Conclusion: Noncorticosteroid topicals are suitable options for patients with plaque psoriasis who would like to avoid topical corticosteroids or have experienced adverse effects from chronic corticosteroid use. Due to treatment duration differences and varied outcome measures, it is unclear which noncorticosteroid topical is most efficacious; however, calcineurin inhibitors appear to exhibit the greatest efficacy. Each topical was efficacious in treating plaque psoriasis and had an adequate safety profile. Despite several treatment options for plaque psoriasis, medication adherence is a limiting factor.

Amorphous carbon nanosheets suitable for deep eutectic solvent electrolyte toward cryogenic energy storage.

The emerging deep eutectic solvent (DES) electrolyte has great potential in realizing commercial-scale application of electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) served in low temperature environment. That goal, however, rests with how to design the interface structure of electrode materials for well-matching with DES electrolyte. Herein, porous carbon nanosheets (PCNs) were obtained from coal tar pitch through Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction and melting salt intercalation process. The morphology, specific surface area and porosity of porous carbon nanosheets were regulated by tailoring the abundance of the dangling-bonds grafted on the CTP molecules. Profiting from the large specific surface area, suitable pore structure and good two-dimensional structure to provide more active sites and enhance ion transport capacity, the PCNs-0.10 delivers a maximal specific capacitance of 504F g-1 at 0.1 A g-1, which is overmatch than most of previously reported for other carbon materials. As-assembled symmetrical EDLCs using K+ DES electrolyte, can be assembled to work at -40 °C to 75 °C and exhibit satisfactory energy density. The strategy proposed here has opened a new way for exploring the large-scale preparation of electrode materials suitable for ultra-low temperature capacitors.

Molecular Characteristics of Catalytic Nitrogen Removal from Coal Tar Pitch over γ-Alumina-Supported NiMo and CoMo Catalysts.

The removal of nitrogen from coal tar pitch (CTP) through the hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) of CTP and its molecular behavior were evaluated in the presence of NiMo/γ-alumina and CoMo/γ-alumina catalysts. Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure photoionization was used to analyze the complicated chemical classes and species of CTP and the treated products at the molecular level. Nitrogen species were qualitatively analyzed before and after hydrotreatment. A single-stage hydrotreatment with an HDN catalyst resulted in a high sulfur removal performance (85.6-94.7%) but a low nitrogen removal performance (26.8-29.2%). Based on relative abundance analyses of nitrogen and binary nitrogen species, CcHh-NnSs was the most challenging species to remove during HDN treatment. Furthermore, prior hydrodesulfurization was combined with HDN treatment, and the dual hydrotreatments yielded a significantly improved nitrogen removal performance (46.4-48.7%).

Novel Bismuth Nanoflowers Encapsulated in N-Doped Carbon Frameworks as Superb Composite Anodes for High-Performance Sodium-Ion Batteries.

Bismuth (Bi) has attracted attention as a promising anode for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) owing to its suitable potential and high theoretical capacity. However, the large volumetric changes during cycling leads to severe degradation of electrochemical performance and limits its practical application. Herein, Bi nanoflowers are encapsulated in N-doped carbon frameworks to construct a novel Bi@NC composite via a facile solvothermal method and carbonization strategy. The well-designed composite structure endows the Bi@NC with uniformly dispersed Bi nanoflowers to alleviate the attenuation while the N-doped carbon frameworks improve the conductivity and ion transport of the whole electrode. As for sodium-ion half-cell, the electrode exhibits a high specific capacity (384.8 mAh g-1 at 0.1 A g-1 ) and excellent rate performance (341.5 mAh g-1 at 10 A g-1 ), and the capacity retention rate still remains at 94.9% after 5000 cycles at 10 A g-1 . Furthermore, the assembled full-cell with Na3 V2 (PO4 )3 cathode and Bi@NC anode can deliver a high capacity of 251.5 mAh g-1 at 0.1 A g-1 , and its capacity attenuates only 0.009% in each cycle after 2000 times at 5.0 A g-1 . This work offers a convenient, low-cost, and eco-friendliness approach for high-performance electrodes in the field of sodium ion electrochemical storage technology.

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor regulates epidermal differentiation through transient activation of TFAP2A.

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is an evolutionary conserved environmental sensor identified as indispensable regulator of epithelial homeostasis and barrier organ function. Molecular signaling cascade and target genes upon AHR activation and their contribution to cell and tissue function are however not fully understood. Multi-omics analyses using human skin keratinocytes revealed that, upon ligand activation, AHR binds open chromatin to induce expression of transcription factors (TFs), e.g., Transcription Factor AP-2α (TFAP2A), as a swift response to environmental stimuli. The terminal differentiation program including upregulation of barrier genes, filaggrin and keratins, was mediated by TFAP2A as a secondary response to AHR activation. The role of AHR-TFAP2A axis in controlling keratinocyte terminal differentiation for proper barrier formation was further confirmed using CRISPR/Cas9 in human epidermal equivalents. Overall, the study provides novel insights into the molecular mechanism behind AHR-mediated barrier function and potential novel targets for the treatment of skin barrier diseases.

Screening of the differentially expressed proteins in malignant transformation of BEAS-2B cells induced by coal tar pitch extract.

Coal tar pitch extract (CTPE) was carcinogenic and could cause occupational lung cancer. Hence, we explored the changes of protein molecules during CTPE-induced malignant transformation (MT) of immortalized human bronchial epithelial (BEAS-2B) cells and provided clues for screening early biomarkers of CTPE-associated occupational lung cancer. The MT model of BEAS-2B cells induced by CTPE with 15.0 µg/mL. Subsequently, the MT of the BEAS-2B cells was verified by morphological observation, cell proliferation test, plate colony formation assay, and cell cycle assay. At the end of the experiment, we explored the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) by total protein tandem mass tags quantitative proteomics technique between DMSO40 cells and CTPE40 cells. It was found that the proliferation ability, and colony formation rate were enhanced, and the cell cycle was changed. Then, bioinformatics analysis showed that a total of 107 DEPs were screened between CTPE40 and DMSO40 cells, of which 74 were up-regulated and 33 were down-regulated. As a result, 6 hub proteins were screened by protein-protein interaction network analysis. The expression levels of COX7A2, COX7C, MT-CO2, NDUFB4, and NDUFB7 were up-regulated as well as the expression of RPS29 protein was down-regulated. In summary, we established an MT model in vitro and explored the changes in protein molecules. As a result, this study suggested that changes of protein molecules, including COX7A2, COX7C, NDUFB7, MT-CO2, NDUFB4, and RPS29, occurred at the stage of BEAS-2B cell malignancy following CTPE exposure, which provided key information for screening biomarkers for CTPE-related occupational lung cancer.

Rational design of dense microporous carbon derived from coal tar pitch towards high mass loading supercapacitors.

The compact carbon materials with huge specific surface area (SSA) and proper pore structure are highly desirable towards high-performance supercapacitors at the cell level. However, to well balance of porosity and density is still an on-going task. Herein, a universal and facile strategy of pre-oxidation-carbonization-activation is employed to prepare the dense microporous carbons from coal tar pitch. The optimized sample POCA800 not only possesses a well-developed porous structure with the SSA of 2142 m2 g-1 and total pore volume (Vt) of 1.540 cm3 g-1, but also exhibits a high packing density of 0.58 g cm-3 and proper graphitization. Owing to these advantages, POCA800 electrode at areal mass loading of 10 mg cm-2 shows a high specific capacitance of 300.8 F g-1 (174.5 F cm-3) at 0.5 A g-1 and good rate performance. The POCA800 based symmetrical supercapacitor with a total mass loading of 20 mg cm-2 displays a large energy density of 8.07 Wh kg-1 at 125 W kg-1 and remarkable cycling durability. It is revealed that the prepared density microporous carbons are promising for practical applications.

Solid-oil separation of coal tar residue to reduce polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons via microwave-assisted extraction.

Coal tar residue (CTR) is acknowledged as hazardous industrial waste with high contents of carbon and toxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Microwave-assisted extraction for separating tar and residue in CTR was investigated to reduce the content of PAHs. The key operating factors such as solvent type, solvent addition amount, radiation temperature, and radiation time in the extraction process were evaluated. Results showed that extreme extraction performance in the solvent with cyclic structure was attained, and an enhancement in extraction efficiency was achieved in elevated solvent addition amount, radiation temperature, or radiation time in a certain range. The optimized conditions were determined as benzene was chosen as extractant, solvent-solid ratio of 5:1 mL/g, radiation temperature of 75 °C, and radiation time of 10 min. Relative extraction efficiency of CTR and reduction efficiency of 16 priority control PAHs were 28.70% and 92.82%, respectively. According to the characterizations of extracted residue (MCTR) and tar (MCT) under optimum experimental conditions, it is possible to convert them into value-added products (carbon materials, solid fuels, or chemicals). Solid-oil separation via microwave-assisted extraction is a safe and high-valued utilization approach for CTR.

Updated view of tars for psoriasis: what have we learned over the last decade?

Tars are one of the most effective, unknown, and oldest therapies for psoriasis. They include coal tar (CT) and biomass-derived products. These treatments, particularly the CT, have proven to be cost-effective with long remission times compared to other systemic or topical treatments. However, they have hardly evolved in recent years, as they are not well-embraced by clinicians or patients because of concerns regarding cosmesis and safety. This review summarizes current knowledge about the chemical characterization, mechanism of action, toxicity, and clinical studies supporting the use of tars for psoriasis over the last decade. Trends within these above aspects are reviewed, and avenues of research are identified. CT is rich in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, whereas biomass-derived tars are rich in phenols. While the activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor is involved in the antipsoriatic effect of CT, the mechanism of action of biomass-derived products remains to be elucidated. No conclusive evidence exists about the risk of cancer in psoriasis patients under CT treatment. Large, randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trials are necessary to promote the inclusion of tars as part of modern therapies for psoriasis.

Theoretical and experimental approach of fuel gas and carbon black production from coal tar pitch by thermal plasma process.

The processing of coal tar pitch (CTP) to produce clean fuel gas and carbon black (CB) is studied in a plasma reactor equipped with a direct-current plasma torch. The composition of the gas produced and energy costs were estimated theoretically for the CTP pyrolysis and gasification processes by two oxidants, namely oxygen and water vapor. We have found that the main gaseous compounds obtained in the pyrolysis and gasification processes are hydrogen (H2), carbon monoxide (CO), and very often carbon dioxide (CO2). For the pyrolysis case, the mean value of the synthesis gas concentration reaches a major value of 98 vol.% (H2 - 81 vol.%, CO - 17. vol.%). However, only 23% of the initial CTP is transformed into gas phase at 1100 K and its content increases up to 37.4% at a temperature of 3000 K. For oxygen gasification, the syngas quantity is little less compared to the pyrolysis case and attains 96.6 vol.% (H2 - 26.5 vol.%, CO - 70.1 vol.%) for T > 1100 K. An intermediate syngas content for the water steam gasification is 97.8 vol.% (with H2 - 55.8 vol.% and CO - 42.0 vol.%). The CB produced was composed of well-defined spherical particles of 30-nm size. Furthermore, it is composed of carbon (98.2%), and followed by oxygen (1.8%) with a surface area of 97 m2 g-1. The thermal plasma system shows high efficiency in conversion of CTP into high-value-added products.

Purification of Quinoline Insolubles in Heavy Coal Tar and Preparation of Meso-Carbon Microbeads by Catalytic Polycondensation.

The quinoline-insoluble (QI) matter in coal tar and coal tar pitch is an important factor affecting the properties of subsequent carbon materials. In this paper, catalytic polycondensation was used to remove QI from heavy coal tar, and meso-carbon microbeads could be formed during the purification process. The results showed that AlCl3 had superior catalytic performance to CuCl2, and the content of QI and heavy components, including pitch, in the coal tar was lower after AlCl3 catalytic polycondensation. Under the condition of catalytic polycondensation (AlCl3 0.9 g, temperature 200 °C, and time 9 h), AlCl3 could reduce the QI content in heavy coal tar. The formed small particles could be filtered and removed, and good carbon materials could be obtained under the condition of catalytic polycondensation (AlCl3 0.9 g, temperature 260 °C, and time 3 h).

The Influence of Coal Tar Pitches on Thermal Behaviour of a High-Volatile Bituminous Polish Coal.

The influence of three coal tar pitches (CTPs), having softening points at 86, 94, and 103 °C, on the thermal behaviour of a defrosted high-volatile coal during co-carbonization and co-pyrolysis was studied. The following research techniques were used: X-raying of the coked charge, TG/FT-IR, ATR and UV spectroscopies, extraction, SEM, STEM, and XRD. It was determined that CTP additives change the structure of the coal plastic layer, the thickness of its zones, and the ordering degree of the structure of semi-cokes to a different extent and independently from their softening points. The softening points of CTPs do not influence the composition and yield of volatile products emitted from blends with pitch as well as the composition, structural-chemical parameters, and topological structure of material extracted from coal blends. It is suggested that such a lack of existence of any correlation between the softening points of CTPs and the degree of their influence on the thermal behaviour of coal was caused by the presence of the atoms of metals (Fe and Zn) in the CTPs. These atoms change the course of the carbonization of the CTPs themselves and their influence on organic substance of coal in blends with CTPs.

Numerical simulations of high viscosity DNAPL recovery in highly permeable porous media under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions.

We developed a decimetric size model based on coupling generalized Darcy's law and heat-transfer equations to model viscous dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) pumping through highly permeable porous media under non-isothermal conditions. The presence of fingering and non-wetting phase ganglia was modeled through an unsteady capillary diffusion coefficient and an arbitrary heterogeneous permeability field. The model was validated using existing experimental data of a simple case, an oil injection in a 2D tank packed with glass beads. Next, we compared the results of this model against a DNAPL extracting situation in the 2D tank to better understand the two-phase flow behavior in highly permeable porous media. We found that natural convection during heating plays an essential role in heat transfer, especially in the wetting phase zone. By adding the dynamic effect (unsteady conditions) we were better able to describe the presence of the ganglia in porous media. We observed good agreement between modeled and experimental oil saturation curves until the breakthrough point, with a mean relative error of about 10% for low and high flow rates, and 8% and 16% after breakthrough for low and high flow rates, respectively. Extracting viscous oil at low flow rates and high temperature generates less fingering and is well described by the generalized Darcy's law. The remobilization of residual non-wetting ganglia after the breakthrough point at the outlet is, however, difficult to simulate using the generalized Darcy's law. In the end, we treated this issue by using a perturbed permeability field to simulate the observed fingering in the 2D tank.